德国INTERHERENCE公司开发的超精准可调节温度控制模块VAHEAT是一款用于光学显微镜的精密温度控制模块，技术来源于德国著名的马克斯-普朗克研究所（MPI），兼容市面上绝大多数的商用显微镜和物镜，可在高清成像的同时快速和精确地调节温度，加热速率可达100℃/s，最高温度可达200℃，稳定性0.01℃，是材料研究领域高效工具。该模块自2021年问世以来，已在《Journal of the American Chemical Society 》、《Small 》、《EMBO Journal 》、《Nature Communications 》、《Nature Methods 》、《Nature Nanotechnology 》等高水平期刊发表数篇文献。
图1 VAHEAT实物图
图2 A: VAHEAT各部件名称
B: VAHEAT配有容纳液体样品的智能基板，可安装在显微镜上
C: VEAHEAT智能基板含有氧化铟锡（ITO）加热元件和温度探头
VAHEAT主要特点：
☛ 温度稳定性高：0.01℃
☛ 温控范围广：RT-200℃
☛ 优越的成像质量
☛ 快速且可靠，用于油浸物镜
☛ 四种加热模式可根据用户需求进行不同的实验
☛ 机械稳定性和设备兼容性
☛ 便于携带和安装
VAHEAT兼容多种成像技术：
☛ 全内反射显微镜 Total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM)
☛ 原子力显微镜 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
☛ 共聚焦显微镜 Confocal microscopy
☛ 超分辨显微镜 Super resolution methods (SIM, STORM, PALM, PAINT, STED)
☛ 干涉散射显微镜 Interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT)
☛ 宽场显微镜 Widefield microscopy
VAHEAT典型案例：
■ 2D材料的光致发光动态相变
犹他大学的Connor Bischak实验室使用超精准可调节温度控制模块VAHEAT获得了从40°C升高到110°C再降低到40°C，速度为0.2°C/s的光致发光(PL)数据。
参考文献：Rand L. Kingsford …& Connor G. Bischakd. (2023) Controlling Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional Perovskites through Organic Cation Alloying. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 145, 11773−11780.
■ 纳米颗粒的iSCAT成像
马克斯普朗克光科学研究所的Vahid Sandoghdar实验室致力于研究干涉散射（iSCAT）显微技术，他们使用超精准可调节温度控制模块VAHEAT调整30 nm的金纳米颗粒的温度并检测扩散系数，所得测量结果与使用金纳米颗粒的流体力学直径（实线）计算出的扩散系数基本一致。
参考文献：Anna D. Kashkanova …& Vahid Sandoghdar. (2022) Precision size and refractive index analysis of weakly scattering nanoparticles in polydispersions. Nature Methods, 19, 586–593.
■ AlGaN温感发光研究
华东师范大学武鄂教授使用超精准可调节温度控制模块VAHEAT对单光子发射源（SPE）在AlGaN微柱中的温度依赖性进行了研究。文章针对SPE在不同温度下的PL光谱、PL强度、辐射寿命等参数，探究了AlGaN SPE在高温下线宽加宽的可能机制，有助于深入研究如何实现此材料在高温下工作的芯片集成应用。
参考文献：Yingxian Xue …& E Wu. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence properties of single defects in AlGaN micropillars. Nanotechnology, 34, 225201.
■ 高温条件下黑金薄膜的拉曼光谱
德国柏林亥姆霍兹中心（HZB）的Yan Lu教授和波茨坦大学的Sergio Kogikoski教授使用超精准可调节温度控制模块VAHEAT测量了从室温到122°C不同温度下黑金薄膜的拉曼光谱。本实验用低强度激光入射（100 μW）测量拉曼光谱，以通过温度而不是光照射来诱导反应。
参考文献：Radwan M. Sarhan …& Yan Lu. (2023) Colloidal Black Gold with Broadband Absorption for Plasmon-Induced Dimerization of 4-Nitrothiophenol and Cross-Linking of Thiolated Diazonium Compound. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00067.
VAHEAT部分客户:
VAHEAT部分发表文献：
1. Rand L. Kingsford …& Connor G. Bischakd. (2023) Controlling Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional Perovskites through Organic Cation Alloying. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 145, 11773−11780.
2. Fan Hong …& Peng Yin. (2023) Thermal-plex: fluidic-free, rapid sequential multiplexed imaging with DNA-encoded thermal channels. Nature Methods, Mai P. Tran …& Kerstin Göpfrich. (2023) A DNA Segregation Module for Synthetic Cells. Small, 19, 2202711.
3. Anna D. Kashkanova …& Vahid Sandoghdar. (2022) Precision size and refractive index analysis of weakly scattering nanoparticles in polydispersions. Nature Methods, 19, 586–593.
4. Pierre Stömmer …& Hendrik Dietz. (2021) A synthetic tubular molecular transport system. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 12, 4393.
5. Bas W. A. Bögels …& Tom F. A. de Greef. (2023) DNA storage in thermoresponsive microcapsules for repeated random multiplexed data access. Nature Nanotechnology, 18, 912–921.
6. Tugce Oz …& Wolfgang Zachariae. (2022) The Spo13/Meikin pathway confines the onset of gamete differentiation to meiosis II in yeast. EMBO Journal, https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2021109446.
7. Valentina Mengoli …& Wolfgang Zachariae. (2021) Deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II requires APC/C activity but not kinetochore tension. EMBO Journal, https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106812.
8. Mariska Brüls …& Ilja K. Voets. (2023) Investigating the impact of exopolysaccharides on yogurt network mechanics and syneresis through quantitative microstructural analysis. Food Hydrocolloids, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109629.
9. Yingxian Xue …& E Wu. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence properties of single defects in AlGaN micropillars. Nanotechnology, 34, 225201.
10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-023-02115-3.
11. Radwan M. Sarhan …& Yan Lu. (2023) Colloidal Black Gold with Broadband Absorption for Plasmon-Induced Dimerization of 4-Nitrothiophenol and Cross-Linking of Thiolated Diazonium Compound. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00067.
12. Maëlle Bénéfice …& Guillaume Baffou. (2023) Dry mass photometry of single bacteria using quantitative wavefront microscopy. Biophysical Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.020
13. Jaroslav Icha, Daniel Böning, and Pierre Türschmann. (2022) Precise and Dynamic Temperature Control in High-Resolution Microscopy with VAHEAT. Microscopy Today, 30(1), 34–41.
14. L. Birchall …& C.J. Tuck. (2022) An inkjet-printable fluorescent thermal sensor based on CdSe/ZnS quantum dots immobilised in a silicone matrix. Sensors and Actuators: A. Physical, 347, 113977.
15. Rajyalakshmi Meduri …& David S. Gross. (2022) Phase-separation antagonists potently inhibit transcription and broadly increase nucleosome density. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 298(10), 102365.
16. Marleen van Wolferen …& Sonja-Verena Albers. (2022) Progress and Challenges in Archaeal Cell Biology. Archaea. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2522, 365–371.
17. Wei Liu …& Andreas Walther. (2022) Mechanistic Insights into the Phase Separation Behavior and Pathway-Directed Information Exchange in all-DNA Droplets. Angewandte Chemie, 134, e202208951.
18. Céline Molinaro …& Guillaume Baffou. (2021) Are bacteria claustrophobic? The problem of micrometric spatial confinement for the culturing of micro-organisms. RSC Advances, 11, 12500–12506.
19. SadmanShakib …& GuillaumeBaffou. (2021) Microscale Thermophoresis in Liquids Induced by Plasmonic Heating and Characterized by Phase and Fluorescence Microscopies. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 125, 21533−21542.
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